Some excellent questions here.

Back in the times of the Cold War, the US Navy developed mulitple weapons systems to counter Tu-22s and Kh-22s. See: F-14 (with AIM-54) and…

Some excellent questions here.

Back in the times of the Cold War, the US Navy developed mulitple weapons systems to counter Tu-22s and Kh-22s. See: F-14 (with AIM-54) and E-2C, see Aegis and Standard SAMs, see Phalanx CIWS.... I.e. it developed a system of multi-layer air defences.

NATO had a similar system deployed down the full width of West Germany, including Nike Hercules and Hawks, early on, then Patriots and Hawks (1980s).

The Russians were always bragging that their S-300s would be providing a similar capability - and most of Western experts were faming their S-300s in similar fashion (indeed: some were claiming it for having a similar effectiveness like Aegis). The Buk and other, shorter-ranged systems were claimed to have anti-ballistic missile and anti-Kh-22-missile capacity, too. Well, turns out they are only partially effective: as we've seen yesterday, they shot down about a dozen out of 45 incoming missiles.

That said, and obvious, the S-300 is a system from the early 1980s, and Ukraine hasn't got all the variants. Ditto for Buks. Some are effective against Kh-22s, others not. It all depends on circumstances in the field: what units equipped with what systems are deployed where and what are ready, and what not....

Re. Western systems: of course, everybody is going to tell you 'Patriot'. Some might tell you THAAD. Problem is: no SAM-system is 100% fool-proof. Some might be effective against Kh-22s, but not against such advanced Russian weapons like Iskanders, etc.

Foremost, SAMs are always going to lack the range to counter such aircraft like Tu-22s from ranges from which these can release their Kh-22s (500km). There is simply no SAM-system in service, no matter where, that would have such a range. That's why the USN used to have its F-14s armed with AIM-54s, back in the 1970s-1990s: they could loiter on a station 400km+ from the aircraft carrirer, and kill Tu-22s from another 100km+ - before these could detect the carrier and release their Kh-22s....